Como funcionava a economia feudal? A lógica econômica das sociedades medievais
Barra lateral de artigos
Conteúdo do artigo principal
Resumo
Este artigo tem como objetivo criar um modelo para a lógica econômica subjacente da economia feudal, que pode, então, ser contrastado com os modelos muito mais conhecidos da economia capitalista. Isso é feito desenvolvendo uma discussão sobre um padrão muito frequente em sociedades pré-industriais e feudais: economias locais ativas com trocas altamente desenvolvidas, que nunca, nem remotamente, se desenvolveram na direção do capitalismo. Argumenta-se aqui que isso ocorre porque elas obedeciam a uma lógica econômica diferente, e não apenas a uma versão mais simples da lógica do mundo capitalista, que de alguma forma teria sido “bloqueada” de se desenvolver ainda mais. O artigo então estabelece os elementos básicos do que essa lógica poderia ser.
Detalhes do artigo
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Desde que se atribua crédito ao/à criador/a original, a licença permite que outras pessoas usem, façam adaptações e compartilhem a obra para fins não comerciais. Isso significa que o uso da obra não pode ser feito visando auferir rendimento comercial.
Referências
ALLEN, Robert. “Agricultural productivity and rural incomes in England and the Yangtze delta, c. 1620 – c. 1820”. Economic History Review, v. 62, n. 3, 2009, p. 525-550.
ALLEN, Robert. Enclosure and the Yeoman: the agricultural development of the South Midlands, 1450–1850. Oxford, 1992.
ALLEN, Robert. “How prosperous were the Romans? Evidence from Diocletian’s price edict (AD 301)”. In: BOWMAN, Alan; WILSON, Andrew. Quantifying the Roman economy: methods and problems. Oxford, 2009.
ALLEN, Robert. “Real wages in Europe and Asia: a first look at the long-term patterns”. In: ALLEN, Robert; BENGTSSON, Tommy; DRIBE, Martin. Living standards in the past: new perspectives on well-being in Asia and Europe. Oxford, 2005.
ALLEN, Robert. The British industrial revolution in global perspective. Cambridge, 2009.
ALLEN, Robert. “The great divergence in European wages and prices from the Middle Ages to the First World War”. Explorations in Economic History, v. 38, n. 4, 2001, p. 411-447.
ALTHUSSER, Louis; BALIBAR, Étienne. Reading capital: the complete edition. Londres, 1970.
ARMSTRONG, Pamela. “Greece in the eleventh century”. In: HOWARD-JOHNSTON, James. Social change in town and country in eleventh-century Byzantium. Oxford, 2020.
ARMSTRONG, Pamela. “The survey area in the Byzantine and Ottoman periods”. In: CAVANAGH, William et al. The Laconia Survey. Vol 1: Methodology and Interpretation. Londres, 1996.
BANAJI, Jairus. A brief history of commercial capitalism. Chicago, 2020.
BANAJI, Jairus. Theory as history: essays on modes of production and exploitation. Leiden, 2010.
BOIS, Guy. The crisis of feudalism: economy and society in Eastern Normandy, c. 1300–1550. Cambridge, 1984.
BONDIOLI, Lorenzo. “Peasants, merchants, and caliphs: capital and empire in Fatimid Egypt, 900–1200 CE”. Tese de doutorado, Universidade de Princeton, 2020.
BONNEY, Richard (org.). Economic systems and state finance: the origins of the modern state in Europe. Oxford, 1995.
BONNEY, Richard (org.). The rise of the fiscal state in Europe, c.1200–1815. Oxford, 1999.
BOURIN, Monique; MENANT, François; TO FIGUERAS, Lluís (orgs.). Dynamiques du monde rural dans la conjuncture de 1300: échanges, prélèvements et consommation en Méditerranée occidentale. Roma, 2014.
BOURIN, Monique; SOPENA, Pascual Martínez (orgs.). Pour une anthropologie du prélèvement seigneurial dans les campagnes médiévales (XIe–XIVe siècles). Paris, 2004.
BOZHONG, Li. Agricultural development in Jiangnan, 1620–1850. Basingstoke, 1998.
BRENNER, Robert. “Agrarian class structure and economic development in pre-industrial Europe”. In: ASTON, T. H.; PHILPIN, C. H. E. The Brenner debate: agrarian class structure and economic development in pre-industrial Europe. Cambridge, 1985.
BRENNER, Robert. “Economic backwardness in Eastern Europe in the light of developments in the West”. In: CHIROT, Daniel. The origins of backwardness in Eastern Europe. Berkeley, 1989.
BRENNER, Robert. “Property and progress: where Adam Smith went wrong”. In: WICKHAM, Chris. Marxist history-writing for the twenty-first century. Oxford, 2007.
BRESC, Henri. Un monde méditerranéen: économie et société en Sicile, 1300–1450. Roma, 1986.
BRITNELL, Richard. Britain and Ireland, 1050–1350: economy and society. Oxford, 2004.
BRITNELL, Richard. The commercialisation of English society, 1000–1500. Manchester, 1996.
BROADBERRY, Stephen; GUPTA, Bishnupriya, “The early modern great divergence: wages, prices and economic development in Europe and Asia, 1500–1800”. The Economic History Review, v. 59, n. 1, 2006, p. 2-31.
CAMPBELL, Bruce M. S. “Progressiveness and backwardness in thirteenth and early-fourteenth century English agriculture: the verdict of recent research”. In: DUVOSQUEL, Jean-Marie; THOEN, Erik. Peasants and townsmen in medieval Europe: studia in honorem Adriaan Verhulst. Gante, 1995.
CAMPBELl, Bruce M. S. “The agrarian problem in the early fourteenth century”. Past and Present, v. 188, n. 1, 2005, p. 3-70.
CAROCCI, Sandro. “La ‘crisi del Trecento’ e le recenti teorie economiche”. In: SAINT-PULGENT, Diane; DEJOUX, Marie. La fabrique des sociétés médiévales méditerranéennes: les Moyen Âge de François Menant. Paris, 2018.
CERMAN, Markus. Villagers and lords in Eastern Europe, 1300–1800. Basingstoke, 2012.
CHITTOLINI, Giorgio. “Alle origini delle ‘grandi aziende’ della Bassa lombarda: l’agricoltura dell’irriguo fra XV e XVI secolo”. Quaderni Storici, v. 13, n. 39, 1978, p. 828-844.
CLUNY, Odo de, Vita sancti Geraldi Auriliacensis. Bruxelas, 2009.
COHN, Samuel Kline. Lust for liberty: the politics of social revolt in medieval Europe, 1200–1425. Cambridge, 2006.
DAMERON, George. Episcopal power and Florentine society, 1000–1320. Cambridge, 1991.
DEMADE, Julien. “Ponction féodale et société rurale en Allemagne du sud (XIe–XVIe siècles)”. Tese de doutorado, Universidade de Estrasburgo II, 2004.
DE VRIES, Jan; VAN DER WOUDE, Ad. The first modern economy: success, failure, and perseverance of the Dutch economy, 1500–1815. Cambridge, 1997.
DOSSEY, Leslie. Peasant and empire in christian North Africa. Berkeley, 2010.
DYER, Christopher, An age of transition? Economy and society in England in the later Middle Ages. Oxford, 2005.
DYER, Christopher. “The material world of English peasants, 1200–1540: archaeological perspectives on rural economy and welfare”. Agricultural History Review, v. 62, n. 1, 2014, p. 1-22.
DYER, Christopher. “The ineffectiveness of lordship in England, 1200–1400”. In: DYER, Christopher; COSS, Peter; WICKHAM, Chris. Rodney Hilton’s Middle Ages: an exploration of historical themes. Oxford, 2007.
DYGO, Marian. “Zur Genese der sog. ‘zweiten Leibeigenschaft’ in Polen (15.–16. Jahrhundert)”. In: FREEDMAN, Paul; BOURIN, Monique. Forms of servitude in Northern and Central Europe: decline, resistance, and expansion. Turnhout, 2005.
EPSTEIN, Stephan. An island for itself: economic development and social change in late medieval Sicily. Cambridge, 1992.
EPSTEIN, Stephan. “Cities, regions and the late medieval crisis: Sicily and Tuscany compared”. Past and Present, n. 130, 1991, p. 3-50.
EPSTEIN, Stephan. Freedom and growth, London: the rise of States and markets in Europe, 1300–1750. Abingdon, 2000.
EPSTEIN, Stephan. “I caratteri originali: l’economia”. In: SALVESTRINI, Francesco (ed.). L’Italia alla fine del medioevo: I caratteri originali nel quadro europeo. Florença, 2006.
ESCH, Arnold. “Lucca im 12. Jahrhundert”. Tese de Habilitação (não publicada), Universidade de Göttingen, 1974.
FELLER, Laurent; WICKHAM, Chris (orgs.). Le marché de la terre au Moyen Âge. Roma, 2006.
FINDLAY, Ronald; O’ROURKE, Kevin. Power and plenty: trade, war, and the world economy in the second millennium. Princeton, 2007.
FIORE, Alessio. Il mutamento signorile: assetti di potere e comunicazione politica nelle campagne dell'Italia centro-settentrionale (1080–1130 c.). Florença, 2017.
FIRNHABER-BAKER, Justine; SCHOENAERS, Dirk (orgs.). The Routledge history handbook of medieval revolt. Abingdon, 2017.
FOSSIER, Robert. Enfance de l’Europe, Xe–XIIe siècles, aspects économiques et sociaux. Paris, 1982.
FRANCESCHI, Franco; TADDEI, Ilaria. Le città italiane nel Medioevo: XII–XIV secolo. Bolonha, 2012.
FREEDMAN, Paul; BOURIN, Monique (orgs.). Forms of servitude in Northern and Central Europe: decline, resistance, and expansion. Turnhout, 2005.
FRYDE, Edwin; FRYDE, Matthew. “Public credit, with special reference to north-western Europe”. In: POSTAN, M.; RICH, E.; MILLER, E. The Cambridge economic history of Europe from the decline of the Roman empire. Volume III. Cambridge, 1963.
GHOSH, Shami. “Rural economies and transitions to capitalism: Germany and England compared (c.1200–c.1800)”. Journal of Agrarian Change, v. 16, n. 2, 2016, p. 255-290.
GHOSH, Shami. “The ‘great divergence,’ politics, and capitalism”. Journal of Early Modern History, v. 19, n. 1, 2015, p. 1-43.
GIL, Moshe. “The flax trade in the Mediterranean in the eleventh century AD as seen in merchants’ letters from the Cairo Geniza”. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, v. 63, n. 2, 2004.
GINATEMPO, Maria. “Finanze e fiscalità”. In: SALVESTRINI, Francesco (ed.). L’Italia alla fine del medioevo: i caratteri originali nel quadro europeo. Florença, 2006.
GIORGI, Ignazio; BALZANI, Ugo (orgs.). Il Regesto di Farfa. Rome, 1879–1919.
GODELIER, Maurice. Rationality and Irrationality in Economics. Londres, 1972.
GOLDBERG, Jessica L. Trade and institutions in the medieval Mediterranean: the Geniza merchants and their business world. Cambridge, 2012.
GRASSI, Francesca. La ceramica, l’alimentazione, l’artigianato e le vie di commercio tra VIII e XIV secolo. Oxford, 2010.
GREIF, Avner. Institutions and the path to the modern economy: lessons from medieval trade. Cambridge, 2006.
GRILLO, Paolo. Milano in età comunale (1183–1276): istituzioni, società, economía. Spoleto, 2001.
GRILLO, Paolo; MENANT, François (orgs.). La congiuntura del primo Trecento in Lombardia (1290–1360). Rome, 2019.
HAGEN, William. “How mighty the junkers? Peasant rents and seigneurial profits in sixteenth-century Brandenburg”. Past and Present, n. 108, 1985, p. 80-116.
HAGEN, William. Ordinary Prussians: Brandenburg junkers and villagers, 1500–1840. Cambridge, 2002.
HALDON, John. “Theories of practice: marxist history-writing and complexity”. Historical Materialism, v. 21, n. 4, 2013, p. 36-70.
HALDON, John. The state and the tributary mode of production. Londres, 1993.
HERLIHY, David. Opera Muliebria: women and work in medieval Europe. Nova York, 1990.
HINTON, David. “Deserted medieval villages and the objects from them”. In: DYER, Christopher; JONES, Richard. Deserted villages revisited. Hatfield, 2010.
HILTON, Rodney. English and french towns in feudal society: a comparative study. Cambridge, 1992.
HILTON, Rodney. “Freedom and villeinage in England”. Past and Present, n. 31, 1965, p. 3-19.
HILTON, Rodney. “‘Introduction’ e ‘A Comment’”. In: HILTON, Rodney. The transition from feudalism to capitalism. Londres, 1978a.
HILTON, Rodney (org.). The transition from feudalism to capitalism. Londres, 1978b.
HOBSON, Matthew. The North African boom: evaluating economic growth in the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis (146 BC–AD 429). Portsmouth, 2015.
HUANG, Ray, “The ming fiscal administration”. In: TWITCHETT, Denis; MOTE, Frederick. The Cambridge history of China: the Ming dynasty, 1368-1644. Volume 7. Cambridge, 1998.
HUBERT, Étienne. “La construction de la ville Sur l'urbanisation dans l'Italie médiévale”. Annales Histoire, Sciences Sociales, v. 59, n. 1, 2004, p. 109-139.
HUDSON, Pat. Regions and industries: a perspective on the Industrial Revolution in Britain. Cambridge, 1989.
HUDSON, Pat. The genesis of industrial capital: a study of the West Riding wool textile industry, c. 1750–1850. Cambridge, 1986.
HUNT, Edwin. “A new look at the dealings of the Bardi and Peruzzi with Edward III”. The Journal of Economic History, v. 50, n. 1, 1990, p. 149-162.
KOTEL’NIKOVA, Ljubov. Mondo contadino e città in Italia dal XI al XIV secolo: dalle fonti dell’Italia centrale e settentrionale. Bolonha, 1975.
KRIEDTE, Peter; MEDICK, Hans; SCHLUMBOHM, Jürgen. Industrialization before industrialization. Cambridge, 1981.
KUCHENBUCH, Ludolf; MICHAEL, Bernd. “Zur Struktur und Dynamik der ‘feudalen’ Produktionsweise im vorindustriellen Europa”. In: KUCHENBUCH, Ludolf; MICHAEL, Bernd. Feudalismus: materialien zur Theorie und Geschichte. Frankfurt: Ullstein, 1977.
KULA, Witold. An economic theory of the feudal system. Londres, 1976.
LABROUSSE, Ernest. Esquisse du mouvement des prix et des revenus en France au XVIIIe siècle. Paris, 1933.
LAIOU, Angeliki; MORRISSON, Cécile. The Byzantine economy. Cambridge, 2007.
LAUWERS, Michel (orgs.). La dîme, l’Église et la société féodale. Turnhout, 2012.
LEFEUVRE, Philippe. Notables et notabilité dans le contado florentin des XIIe–XIIIe siècles. Roma, 2022.
LOPEZ, Robert S. The commercial revolution of the Middle Ages, 950 - 1350. Englewood Cliffs, 1971.
MALANIMA, Paolo. La fine del primato: crisi e riconversione nell’Italia del seicento. Milão, 1998.
MARX, Karl. Capital: volume III. Londres: Penguin, 1981.
MARX, Karl. Grundrisse. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973.
MARX, Karl. Pre-capitalist economic formations. Londres: Lawrence & Wishart, 1964.
MAURI, Luisa Chiappa. “Riflessioni sulle campagne lombarde del Quattro-Cinquecento”. Nuova Rivista Storica, v. 68, 1985.
MENANT, François. Campagnes lombardes au Moyen Âge: l’économie et la société rurales dans la région de Bergame, de Crémone et de Brescia du Xe au XIIIe siècle. Rome, 1993.
MENANT, François. L'Italie des communes (1100–1350). Paris, 2005.
MOKYR, Joel. Industrialization in the Low Countries, 1795–1850. New Haven, 1976.
MOKYR, Joel (org.). The British industrial revolution: an economic perspective. Boulder, 1999.
MYRDAL, Janken; SAPOZNIK, Alexandra. “Technology, labour, and productivity potential in peasant agriculture”. Agricultural History Review, v. 65, n. 2, 2017, p. 194-212.
OGILVIE, Sheilagh. State corporatism and proto-industry: the Württemberg black forest, 1580–1797. Cambridge, 1997.
OGILVIE. Sheilagh. “‘Whatever is, is right?’ Economic institutions in pre-industrial Europe”. The Economic History Review, v. 60, n. 4, 2007, p. 649-684.
OGILVIE, Sheilagh; CERMAN, Markus (orgs.). European proto-industrialization. Cambridge, 1996.
ORECCHIONI, Paola. “I contesti ceramici nel basso medioevo: riflessi dei cambiamenti sociali nella cultura materiale”. Tese de doutorado, Universidade de Rome Tor Vergata, 2015.
PALERMO, Luciano. Sviluppo economico e società preindustriali. Roma, 1997.
PANERO, Francesco. “Il lavoro salariato nelle campagne dell’Italia centro-settentrionale dal secolo XII all’inizio del Quattrocento”. In: CORTONESI, Alfio; MONTANARI, Massimo; NELLI, Antonella. Contratti agrari e rapporti di lavoro nell’Europa medievale. Bolonha, 2006.
PARTHASARATHI, Prasannan. Why Europe grew rich and Asia did not: global economic divergence, 1600–1850. Cambridge, 2011.
PINTO, Giuliano. La Toscana nel tardo medioevo: ambiente, economia rurale, società. Florença, 1982.
POLANYI, Karl; ARENSBERG, Conrad; PEARSON, Harry. Trade and market in the Early Empires: economies in History and Theory. Glencoe: Free Press, 1957.
POLONI, Alma. “Una società fluida: l'economia di Firenze nel tardo medioevo”. Storica, v. 61-62, 2015, p. 165-190.
POMERANZ, Kenneth. The great divergence: China, Europe and the making of the modern world economy. Princeton, 2000.
POMERANZ, Kenneth. “Their own path to crisis? Social change, state-building, and the limits of Qing expansion, c.1770–1840”. In: ARMITAGE, David; SUBRAHMANYAM, Sanjay. The Age of Revolutions in Global Context, c.1760–1840. Londres, 2011.
POSTAN, Michael. “Medieval agrarian society in its Prime: England”. In: POSTAN, Michael. The Cambridge economic history of Europe. Volume 1. Cambridge, 1966.
POSTAN, Michael. The medieval economy and society. Berkeley, 1972.
REDI, Fabio. Pisa com'era. Nápoles, 1991.
ROSENTHAL, Jean-Laurent; WONG, R. Bin. Before and beyond divergence. Cambridge, 2011.
SAHLINS, Marshall. Stone age economics. Chicago, 1972.
SAPORI, Armando. La crisi delle compagnie mercantili dei Bardi e dei Peruzzi. Florença, 1926.
SHAW-TAYLOR, Leigh. “The rise of agrarian capitalism and the decline of family farming in England”. The Economic History Review, v. 65, n. 1, 2012, p. 26-60.
SIMONSOHN, Shlomo. The Jews in Sicily, 383–1300. Leiden, 1997.
TABARRINI, Lorenzo. Estate management around Florence and Lucca (1000–1250). Oxford, 2023.
UDOVITCH, A. L. “International trade and the medieval Egyptian countryside”. Proceedings of the British Academy, v. 96, 1999, p. 267-285.
VAN BAVEL, Bas. Manors and markets: economy and society in the Low Countries, 500–1600. Oxford, 2010.
VAN BAVEL, Bas. “Rural wage labour in the sixteenth-century Low Countries: an assessment of the importance and nature of wage labour in the countryside of Holland, Guelders and Flanders”. Continuity and Change, v. 21, n. 1, 2006, p. 37-72.
VAN BAVEL, Bas. The invisible hand? How market economies have emerged and declined since AD 500. Oxford, 2016.
VIONIS, Athanasios. “Current archaeological research on settlement and provincial life in the Byzantine and Ottoman Aegean: a case-study from Boeotia, Greece”. Medieval Settlement Research, v. 23, 2008, p. 28-41.
VRIES, Peer. “The California School and beyond: how to study the great divergence?”. History Compass, v. 8, n. 7, 2010, p. 730-751.
VROOM, Joanita. After antiquity: ceramics and society in the Aegean from the 7th to the 20th century A.C. a case study from Boeotia, Central Greece. Leiden, 2003.
WHITTLE, Jane (org.). Landlords and tenants in Britain, 1440–1660. Woodbridge, 2013.
WHITTLE, Jane. The development of agrarian capitalism: land and labour in Norfolk, 1440–1580. Oxford, 2000.
WICKHAM, Chris. Community and clientele in twelfth-century Tuscany: the origins of the rural commune in the plain of Lucca. Oxford, 1998.
WICKHAM, Chris. Framing the early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–800. Oxford, 2005.
WICKHAM, Chris. “Jiangnan style”. In: ARNOLD, John; HILTON, Matthew; RÜGER, Jan. History after Hobsbawm: writing the past for the twenty-first century. Oxford, 2018.
WICKHAM, Chris. Land and power: studies in Italian and European social history, 400–1200. Londres, 1994.
WICKHAM, Chris. “Le forme del feudalesimo”. Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull’alto Medioevo, Spoleto, 2000.
WICKHAM, Chris. “Prima della crescita: quale società?”. In: WICKHAM, Chris et al. La crescita economica dell'Occidente medievale: un tema storico non ancora esaurito. Pistoia, 2017.
WICKHAM, Chris. “Productive forces and the economic logic of the feudal mode of production”. Historical Materialism, v. 16, n. 2, 2008, p. 3–22.
WICKHAM, Chris. The donkey and the boat. Oxford, 2023.
WONG, Roy Bin. “China before capitalism”. In: NEAL, Larry. The Cambridge history of capitalism. Cambridge, 2014.
WOOD, Ian. The modern origins of the early Middle Ages. Oxford, 2013.
ZURNDORFER, Harriet. “Cotton textile manufacture and marketing in late imperial China and the ‘Great Divergence’”. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, v. 54, n. 5, 2011, p. 701-738.